About the author(s):
Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor at Utrecht University where she teaches IHL and IHRL. Before joining Utrecht University, she worked at the ICTY, ICC and Norton Rose Fulbright. She is the author of The Accountability of Armed Groups under Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press, 2017) which won the 2018 Lieber Prize. She has written widely about the framework of law that applies to armed groups in non-international armed conflicts and is one of the editors of the Armed Groups and International Law blog.
Here is the legal roundup for 2018, that contains publications on issues related armed groups and international law, non-international armed conflict and the relationship between IHL and IHRL.
If you have a 2018 publication which you think should be included in this roundup, please do not hesitate to contact me at my uu.nl address.
Thanks go to Sam Jackson and Ezequiel Heffes who have assisted with the compilation of this legal roundup. Please note that due to paywalls and your institution’s permissions, the given link may not always take you to the text of the article.
Armed Non-State Actors and IHL/ IHRL
Bellal, Annyssa, Welcome on Board: Improving respect for international humanitarian law through the engagement of armed non-State actors. Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 19, 2016 (published 2018).
Burchardt, Dana. International counter-terrorism regulation and citizenship-stripping laws: reinforcing legal exceptionalism. Journal of conflict and security law, Vol. 23, issue 2, 2018, p. 203 – 228.
Carswell, Andrew; Somer, Jonathan. Comparing Experiences: Engaging States and Non-State Armed Groups on International Humanitarian Law. The Companion to International Humanitarian Law, Brill, 2018, pp. 39-55.
Fortin, Katharine. Armed groups and procedural accountability: a roadmap for further thought. Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 19, 2016 (published 2018)
Gal, Tom. The international legal status of armed groups: can one be determined outside the scope of an armed conflict?. Israeli law review, Vol. 51, no. 2, 2018, p. 321 – 335
Hoover Green, Amanda. The Commander’s Dilemma. Violence and Restraint in Wartime. Cornell University Press, 2018.
Jo, Hyeran; Niehaus, John. Through rebel eyes: rebel groups, human rights, and humanitarian law. Law and contemporary problems, Vol. 81, 2018, p. 101 – 120
Krieger, Heike. International Law and Governance by Armed Groups: Caught in the Legitimacy Trap? Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, Vol. 12, issue 4, 2018, pp. 563-583.
Onishi, Kosuke. Rethinking the permissive function of military necessity in internal non-international armed conflict. In: Israeli law review, Vol. 51, issue 2, 2018
Klamberg, Mark. The legality of rebel courts during non-international armed conflicts. Journal of international criminal justice, Vol. 16, no. 2, 2018, p. 235 – 263
Mao, Xiao. Are “unlawful combatants” protected under international humanitarian law?. Amsterdam law forum, Vol. 10, no. 2, 2018. P. 62 – 71
Murray, Daragh. Engaging armed groups through the development of human rights obligations: incorporating practice, motivation and ideology to promote compliance with international law. Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 19, 2016 (published 2018).
Martinez, Jose Ciro; Eng, Brent. Stifling stateness: the Assad regime’s campaign against rebel governance. Security dialogue, Vol. 49, issue 4, 2018, p. 235 – 253
Revkin, Mara R. When terrorists govern: protecting civilians in conflicts with state-building armed groups. Harvard national security journal, Vol. 9, issue 1, 2018, p. 100 – 145
Rodenhauser, Tilman. Organizing rebellion: non-state armed groups under international humanitarian law, human rights law, and international criminal law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018
Rodenhauser, Tilman. Armed groups, rebel coalitions, and transnational groups: the degree of organization required from non-State armed groups to become party to a non-international armed conflict. Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 19, 2016 (published 2018).
Roskam, Holde, D. Crime-based targeted sanctions: promoting respect for international humanitarian law by the Security Council, Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 19, 2016 (published 2018).
Somer, Jonathan. Armed Groups. The Companion to International Humanitarian Law, Brill, 2018, pp. 179-182.
Smith, Crispin. Independent without independence: the Iraqi-Kurdish Peshmerga in international law. Harvard international law journal, Vol. 59, no. 1, 2018, p. 245 – 277
Zamir, Noam, The classification of armed conflicts between occupying states and non-state armed groups in cases of belligerent occupation. Cambridge International Law Journal, Vol. 7, issue 1, 2018, pp. 145-163.
International Humanitarian Law / International Human Rights Law (general)
Bartels, Rogier, The relationship between international humanitarian law and the notion of State sovereignty, Journal of conflict and security law, Vol 23, issue 3, 461-486
Berkes, Aantal, The standard of due diligence as a result of interchange between the law of armed conflict and general international law, Journal of conflict and security law, Vol 23, issue 3, p433-460
Casalin, Deborah, A green light turning red? The potential influence of human rights on developing customary legal protection against conflict-driven displacement. Human rights and international legal discourse, Vol. 12, no. 1, 2018, p. 62-78
Clapham, Andrew. Human rights in armed conflict: metaphors, maxims, and the move to interoperability. Human rights and international legal discourse, Vol. 12, no. 1, 2018, p. 9 -22
Dijk, Boyd van. Human rights in war: on the entangled foundations of the 1949 Geneva conventions. American journal of international law, Vol. 112, issue 4, 2018, p. 553, 582
Ford, Christopher, M., Williams, Winston, S., Complex Battlespaces: The Law of Armed Conflict and the Dynamics of Modern Warfare. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Nohle, Ellen. Concurrent application of international humanitarian law and international human rights law revisited. Human rights and international legal discourse, Vol. 12, no. 1, 2018, p. 23-43.
Hill-Cawthorne, Lawrence, Rights under International humanitarian law, European Journal of International Law, Vol 28, No. 4 (2018).
Jorritsma, Remy, Where general international law meets international humanitarian law: attribution of conduct and the classification of armed conflicts, Journal of conflict and security law, Vol 23, issue 3, p405-431.
Longobardo, Marco, The contribution of international humanitarian law to the development of the law of responsibility regarding obligations erga omnes and erga omnes partes, Journal of conflict and security law, Vol 23, issue 3, p383-404.
Macak, Kubo. Internationalized Armed Conflicts in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Mantilla, Giovanni. Forum isolation: social opprobrium and the origins of the international law of internal conflict. In: International organization, Vol. 72, Spring 2018, p. 317 – 349
Nahlawi, Yasmine. Forcible displacement as a weapon of war in the Syrian conflict: lessons and developments. Armed conflict and forcible displacement: individual rights under international law. London; New York; Routledge, 2018, p. 191 – 220
Park, Ian. The Right to Life in Armed Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018
Richemond-Barak, Daphne. Underground warfare. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Rodiles, Alejandro. Law and violence in the global south: the legal framing of Mexico’s ‘Narco War’. Journal of conflict and security law, Vol. 23, issue 2, 2018, p. 269 – 281
Samit D’Cunha, The Notion of external NIACs: Reconsidering the intensity threshold in light of contemporary armed conflicts. Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 20, 2017 (published 2018).
Sari, Aurel, Legal Resilience in an Era of Gray Zone Conflicts and Hybrid Threats, Exeter Centre for International Law, Working Paper, 201/1.
Todeschini, Vito, The impact of international humanitarian law on the principle of systemic integration, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol 23, issue 3, p359-382.
Vedel Kessing, Peter, Soft law instruments regulating armed conflict. Are international human rights standards reflected? Human rights and international legal discourse, Vol. 12, no. 1, 2018, p. 79-98.
Yip, Ka Lok, What does the jurisdictional hurdle under IHRL mean for the relationship between IHRL and IHL? Human rights and international legal discourse, Vol. 12, no. 1, 2018, p. 99-119.
Sources of International Law
Bellal, Annyssa; Heffes, Ezequiel. ‘Yes I do’: binding armed non-state actors to IHL and human rights norms through their consent. Human rights and international legal discourse, Vol. 12, no. 1, 2018, p. 120 – 136
Fortin, Katharine, How to cope with diversity while preserving unity in customary international law? Some insights from international humanitarian law, Journal of conflict and security law, Vol 23, issue 3, 2018, p337-358
Hiemstra, Heleen; Nohle, Ellen, The role of non-State armed groups in the development and interpretation of international humanitarian law, Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 20, 2017 (published 2018), 3-35.
Kleczkowska, Agata, Armed Non-State Actors and Customary International Law. Non-State Actors and International Obligations, Brill, 2018, pp. 60-85.
Kassoti, Eva. Ad Hoc Commitments by Non-State Armed Actors: The Continuing Relevance of State Consent. Non-State Actors and International Obligations, Brill, 2018, pp. 86-106.
Jus ad Bellum
Hakimi, Monica, “The Jus Ad Bellum’s Regulatory Form.” American Journal of International Law, Vol 112, issue 2 2018, pp.151-90.
Dannenbaum, Tom. The Crime of Aggression, Humanity, and the Soldier, Cambridge University Press, 2018
Dannenbaum, Tom. The Criminalization of Aggression and Soldiers’ Rights. European Journal of International Law. Vol. 29, no. 3, 2018, pp. 859–886
Brunee, Jutta. Self-defence against non-state actors: are powerful states willing but unable to change international law?. International and comparative law quarterly, Vol. 67, issue 2, 2018, p. 263 – 286
International Criminal Law
Adams, Alexandra, The legacy of the international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and their contribution to the crime of rape, European journal of International Law, Vol. 29, issue 3, pp. 749-769.
Bartels, Rogier, The interplay between IHRL and IHL during international criminal trials, Human rights and international legal discourse, Vol. 12, no. 1, 2018, p44-61
Bartels, Rogier, A fine line between protection and humanisation: the interplay between the scope of application of international humanitarian law and jurisdiction over alleged war crimes under international criminal law. Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 20, 2017 (published December 2018), p. 37-74.
Chehtman, Alejandro, Revisionist just war theory and the concept of war crimes. Leiden journal of international law, Vol. 31, no 1, 2018, p. 171 – 194
McCarthy, Amy H., Erosion of the rule of law as a basis for command responsibility under international humanitarian law. Chicago journal of international law, Vol. 18, no. 2, 2018, p. 553 – 593
Targeting and Detention
Boogard, van den, Jeroen & Vermeer, Arjen, Precautions in attack and urban and siege warfare, Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 20, 2017 (published December 2018), p163-198.
Boogaard, van den, Jeroen, Knock on the roof: legitimate warning or method of warfare? Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 19, 2016 (published 2018)
Dworkin, Anthony. Individual, not collective: justifying the resort to force against members of non-state armed groups. International law studies, Vol. 93, 2017, p. 476 – 525
Gaggioli, Gloria. Targeting Individuals Belonging to an Armed Group. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 51, Issue 3, 2018, pp. 901-917.
Greenawalt, Alexander K.A., Targeted capture. Harvard international law journal, Vol. 59, no. 1, 2018, p. 1 – 57
Kingah, Stephen. Legal treatment of Boko Haram militants captured by Cameroon. Revue africaine de driot international et compare = African journal of international and comparative law, T. 26, no 1, 2018, p. 44 – 63
McCormack, Tim. International Humanitarian Law and the Targeting of Data. International law studies, Vol. 94, 2018, p. 222 – 240
Olasolo Héctor and Tenorio-Obando, Felipe. Are the targets of aerial spraying operations in Colombia lawful under international humanitarian law? Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 20, 2017 (published December 2018), p229-252.
Patrik Holterhus,Till. Targeting the Islamic State’s religious personnel under international humanitarian law, Yearbook of international humanitarian law, Vol 19, 2016 (published 2018), p199-228.
Rodenhauser, Tilman. Strengthening IHL protecting persons deprived of their liberty: Main aspects of the consultations and discussions since 2011. International review of the red cross, IRRC No. 903, 2018
Schmitt, Michael N; Highfill, Chad E. Invisible injuries: concussive effects and international humanitarian law. Harvard national security journal, Vol. 9, issue 1, 2018, p. 72 – 99
Sivakumaran, Sandesh. Armed conflict-related detention of particularly vulnerable persons: challenges and possibilities. International law studies, Vol. 94, 2018, p. 39 – 74
Teferra, Zelalem Mogessie. National security and the right to liberty in armed conflict: The legality and limits of security detention in international humanitarian law. International review of the red cross, IRRC No. 903
Tominaga, Yasutaka. Killing two birds with one stone? Examining the diffusion effect of militant leadership decapitation. International studies quarterly, Vol 62, issue 1, 2018, p. 54 – 68
Weapon Technologies
Agwu, Fred Aja. Armed drones and globalization in the asymmetric war on terror: challenges for the law of armed conflict and global politic economy. New York ; London : Routledge, 2018
Boothby, William. Dehumanization: is there a legal problem under article 36?. In: Dehumanization of warfare: legal implication of new weapons technologies. Cham : Springer, 2018
Dickinson, Laura A. Drones, automated weapons, and private military contractors: challenges to domestic and international legal regimes governing armed conflict. New technologies for human rights law and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, p. 93 – 123
Frau, Robert. New weapon systems as a challenge to international humanitarian law. Journal for international law of peace and armed conflict, issue 1-2, 2018, p. 5 – 18
Grimal, Francis; Sundaram Jae. Combat drones: hives, swarms, and autonomous action?. Journal of conflict and security law, Vol. 23, no. 1, 2018, p. 105 – 135
Heinsch, Robert. Modern drone warfare and the geographical scope of application of IHL: pushing the limits of territorial boundaries? Research handbook on remote warfare, Cheltenham: Northampton: E. Elgar, 2017, p. 79 – 109
Heintschel von Heinegg, Wolff; Frau, Robert; Singer, Tassilo. (eds.). Dehumanization of warfare: legal implications of new weapon technologies. Cham : Springer, 2018
Heintschel von Heinegg, Wolff; Frau, Robert; Singer, Tassilo. Meaningful human control – and the politics of international law. In: Dehumanization of warfare : legal implications of new weapon technologies. Cham : Springer, 2018
Homayounnejad, Maziar. Autonomous weapon systems, drone swarming and the explosive remnants of war. London: Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London, 2018
Kolossa, Stephan. Cyberspace as a chance, a threat and a weapon?. Journal for international law of peace and armed conflict, issue 1-2, 2018, p. 151 – 169
Mathur, Ritu. Human rights as a new standard of civilization in weapons control?. Alternatives: global, local, political, 2018, p. 1 – 17
Stadlmeier, Sigmar. CPU and Keyboard: Weapons of Mass Disruption?. In: Dehumanization of warfare: legal implications of new weapon technologies. Cham : Springer, 2018
Foreign Fighters
Murray, Alexander. Terrorist or armed opposition group fighter?: the experience of UK courts and the implications for public international law. In: International community law review, Vol. 20, no. 3-4, 2018, p. 281 – 310
International Responsibility
Eatwell, Tatyana. State Responsibility, ‘Successful’ Insurrectional Movements and Governments of National Reconciliation. Non-State Actors and International Obligations, Brill, 2018, pp. 388-405.
Fortin, Katharine. The Relevance of Article 9 of the Articles on State Responsibility for the Internationally Wrongful Acts of Armed Groups. Non-State Actors and International Obligations, Brill, 2018, pp. 371-387.
Transitional Justice
Blázquez Rodríguez, Paloma. Does an Armed Group have an Obligation to Provide Reparations to Its Victims? Construing an Obligation to Provide Reparations for Violations of International Humanitarian Law. Non-State Actors and International Obligations, Brill, 2018, pp. 406-428.
Villacampa, Carolina. Human trafficking for criminal exploitation and participation in armed conflicts: the Colombian case. Crime, law and social change, No. 69, 2018, p. 421 – 444
Olasolo, Hector. The colombian integrated system of truth, justice, reparation and non-repetition. Journal of international criminal justice, Vol. 15, issue 5, 2017, p. 1011 – 1047
Druckman, Daniel; Wagnar, Lynn. Justice matter: peace negotiations, stable agreements, durable peace. Journal of conflict resolution, Vol. 63, issue 2, 2019, p. 287 – 316
Marshall, Michael C. Foreign rebel sponsorship: a patron-client analysis of party viability in elections following negotiated settlements, Journal of conflict resolution, Vol. 63, issue 2, p. 555 – 584
Lawther, Cheryl. The truth about loyalty: emotion, ex-combatants and transitioning from the past. International journal of transitional justice, Vol. 11, issue 3, 2017, p. 484 – 504
Parra, Tatiana Sanchez. The hollow shell: children born of war and the realities of the armed conflict in Colombia. International journal of transitional justice, Vol. 12, issue 1, 2018, p. 45 – 63
Druckman, Daniel; Wagner, Lynn. Justice matters: peace negotiations, stable agreements and durable peace. Journal of conflict resolution, Vol. 63, issue 2, 2019, p. 287 – 316
Reports
Chatham House, Proportionality in the Conduct of Hostilities: The Incidental Harm Side of the Assessment (author: Emanuela-Chiara Gillard), 2018
ICRC. The Roots of Restraint in War, 2018.
Geneva Call, Culture under Fire: Armed Non-State Actors and Cultural Heritage in Wartime, 2018.
Geneva Call, Administration of Justice by Armed Non-State Actors. Report from the 2017 Garance Talks, 2018.